The underlying causes of the French Revolution are usually seen as stemming from the failure of the Ancien Régime to adequately manage rising social and economic inequality. This is generally seen as marking the end of the Revolutionary period. Despite a series of military victories, many won by Napoleon Bonaparte, political divisions and economic stagnation resulted in the Directory being replaced by the Consulate in November 1799. In order to deal with these, a new, less democratic, constitution established a five-man Directory which took power in November 1795. As well as external threats, the Republic faced internal opposition from royalists and popular unrest. An estimated 16,000 "counter-revolutionaries" were executed during the subsequent Reign of Terror, which ended with the so-called Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794.
These factors resulted in the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792, abolition of the French monarchy and proclamation of the French First Republic in September 1792, followed by the execution of Louis XVI in January 1793.įollowing the Paris-based Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 the constitution was suspended and effective political power passed from the National Convention to the more radical Committee of Public Safety. Austria, Britain, Prussia and other external powers sought to restore the Ancien Régime by force, while many French politicians saw war as the best way to unite the nation and preserve the revolution by exporting it to other countries. The next three years were dominated by the struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression and civil disorder. Continuing unrest culminated in the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July, which led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, including the abolition of feudalism, the imposition of state control over the Catholic Church in France, and extension of the right to vote. In May 1789, widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General, which was converted into a National Assembly in June. Its causes are generally agreed to be a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the Ancien Régime proved unable to manage. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while the values and institutions it created remain central to French political discourse.
The French Revolution ( French: Révolution française ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799.
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